# Experimental Protocol: Expert-Augmented LLM Ideation

## Executive Summary

This document outlines a comprehensive experimental design to test the hypothesis that multi-expert LLM-based ideation produces more diverse and novel ideas than direct LLM generation.

---

## 1. Research Questions

| ID | Research Question |
|----|-------------------|
| **RQ1** | Does attribute decomposition improve semantic diversity of generated ideas? |
| **RQ2** | Does expert perspective transformation improve semantic diversity of generated ideas? |
| **RQ3** | Is there an interaction effect between attribute decomposition and expert perspectives? |
| **RQ4** | Which combination produces the highest patent novelty (lowest overlap)? |
| **RQ5** | How do different expert sources (LLM vs Curated vs External) affect idea quality? |
| **RQ6** | Does context-free keyword generation (current design) increase hallucination/nonsense rate? |

### Design Note: Context-Free Keyword Generation

Our system intentionally excludes the original query during keyword generation (Stage 1):

```
Stage 1 (Keyword): Expert sees "木質" (wood) + "會計師" (accountant)
                   Expert does NOT see "椅子" (chair)
                   → Generates: "資金流動" (cash flow)

Stage 2 (Description): Expert sees "椅子" + "資金流動"
                       → Applies keyword to original query
```

**Rationale**: This forces maximum semantic distance in keyword generation.
**Risk**: Some keywords may be too distant, resulting in nonsensical or unusable ideas.
**RQ6 investigates**: What is the hallucination/nonsense rate, and is the tradeoff worthwhile?

---

## 2. Experimental Design Overview

### 2.1 Design Type
**2×2 Factorial Design**: Attribute Decomposition (With/Without) × Expert Perspectives (With/Without)
- Within-subjects for queries (all queries tested across all conditions)

### 2.2 Variables

#### Independent Variables (Manipulated)

| Variable | Levels | Description |
|----------|--------|-------------|
| **Attribute Decomposition** | 2 levels: With / Without | Whether to decompose query into structured attributes |
| **Expert Perspectives** | 2 levels: With / Without | Whether to use expert personas for idea generation |
| **Expert Source** (secondary) | LLM, Curated, External | Source of expert occupations (tested within Expert=With conditions) |

#### Dependent Variables (Measured)

| Variable | Measurement Method |
|----------|-------------------|
| **Semantic Diversity** | Mean pairwise cosine distance (embeddings) |
| **Cluster Spread** | Number of clusters, silhouette score |
| **Patent Novelty** | 1 - (ideas with patent match / total ideas) |
| **Semantic Distance** | Distance from query centroid |
| **Human Novelty Rating** | 7-point Likert scale |
| **Human Usefulness Rating** | 7-point Likert scale |
| **Human Creativity Rating** | 7-point Likert scale |

#### Control Variables (Held Constant)

| Variable | Fixed Value |
|----------|-------------|
| LLM Model | Qwen3:8b (or specify) |
| Temperature | 0.7 |
| Total Ideas per Query | 20 |
| Keywords per Expert | 1 |
| Deduplication | Disabled for raw comparison |
| Language | English (for patent search) |

---

## 3. Experimental Conditions

### 3.1 Main Study: 2×2 Factorial Design

| Condition | Attributes | Experts | Description |
|-----------|------------|---------|-------------|
| **C1: Direct** | ❌ Without | ❌ Without | Baseline: "Generate 20 creative ideas for [query]" |
| **C2: Expert-Only** | ❌ Without | ✅ With | Expert personas generate for whole query |
| **C3: Attribute-Only** | ✅ With | ❌ Without | Decompose query, direct generate per attribute |
| **C4: Full Pipeline** | ✅ With | ✅ With | Decompose query, experts generate per attribute |

### 3.2 Control Condition

| Condition | Description | Purpose |
|-----------|-------------|---------|
| **C5: Random-Perspective** | 4 random words as "perspectives" | Tests if ANY perspective shift helps, or if EXPERT knowledge specifically matters |

### 3.3 Expert Source Study (Secondary, within Expert=With conditions)

| Condition | Source | Implementation |
|-----------|--------|----------------|
| **S-LLM** | LLM-generated | Query-specific experts generated by LLM |
| **S-Curated** | Curated occupations | Pre-selected high-quality occupations |
| **S-External** | External sources | Wikidata/ConceptNet occupations |

---

## 4. Query Dataset

### 4.1 Design Principles
- **Diversity**: Cover multiple domains (consumer products, technology, services, abstract concepts)
- **Complexity Variation**: Simple objects to complex systems
- **Familiarity Variation**: Common items to specialized equipment
- **Cultural Neutrality**: Concepts understandable across cultures

### 4.2 Query Set (30 Queries)

#### Category A: Everyday Objects (10)
| ID | Query | Complexity |
|----|-------|------------|
| A1 | Chair | Low |
| A2 | Umbrella | Low |
| A3 | Backpack | Low |
| A4 | Coffee mug | Low |
| A5 | Bicycle | Medium |
| A6 | Refrigerator | Medium |
| A7 | Smartphone | Medium |
| A8 | Running shoes | Medium |
| A9 | Kitchen knife | Low |
| A10 | Desk lamp | Low |

#### Category B: Technology & Tools (10)
| ID | Query | Complexity |
|----|-------|------------|
| B1 | Solar panel | Medium |
| B2 | Electric vehicle | High |
| B3 | 3D printer | High |
| B4 | Drone | Medium |
| B5 | Smart thermostat | Medium |
| B6 | Noise-canceling headphones | Medium |
| B7 | Water purifier | Medium |
| B8 | Wind turbine | High |
| B9 | Robotic vacuum | Medium |
| B10 | Wearable fitness tracker | Medium |

#### Category C: Services & Systems (10)
| ID | Query | Complexity |
|----|-------|------------|
| C1 | Food delivery service | Medium |
| C2 | Online education platform | High |
| C3 | Healthcare appointment system | High |
| C4 | Public transportation | High |
| C5 | Hotel booking system | Medium |
| C6 | Personal finance app | Medium |
| C7 | Grocery shopping experience | Medium |
| C8 | Parking solution | Medium |
| C9 | Elderly care service | High |
| C10 | Waste management system | High |

### 4.3 Sample Size Justification

Based on [CHI meta-study on effect sizes](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3713671):

- **Queries**: 30 (crossed with conditions)
- **Expected effect size**: d = 0.5 (medium)
- **Power target**: 80%
- **For automatic metrics**: 30 queries × 5 conditions × 20 ideas = 3,000 ideas
- **For human evaluation**: Subset of 10 queries × 3 conditions × 20 ideas = 600 ideas

---

## 5. Automatic Metrics Collection

### 5.1 Semantic Diversity Metrics

#### 5.1.1 Mean Pairwise Distance (Primary)
```python
def compute_mean_pairwise_distance(ideas: List[str], embedding_model: str) -> float:
    """
    Compute mean cosine distance between all idea pairs.
    Higher = more diverse.
    """
    embeddings = get_embeddings(ideas, model=embedding_model)
    n = len(embeddings)
    distances = []
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(i+1, n):
            dist = 1 - cosine_similarity(embeddings[i], embeddings[j])
            distances.append(dist)
    return np.mean(distances), np.std(distances)
```

#### 5.1.2 Cluster Analysis
```python
def compute_cluster_metrics(ideas: List[str], embedding_model: str) -> dict:
    """
    Analyze idea clustering patterns.
    """
    embeddings = get_embeddings(ideas, model=embedding_model)

    # Find optimal k using silhouette score
    silhouette_scores = []
    for k in range(2, min(len(ideas), 10)):
        kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=k)
        labels = kmeans.fit_predict(embeddings)
        score = silhouette_score(embeddings, labels)
        silhouette_scores.append((k, score))

    best_k = max(silhouette_scores, key=lambda x: x[1])[0]

    return {
        'optimal_clusters': best_k,
        'silhouette_score': max(silhouette_scores, key=lambda x: x[1])[1],
        'cluster_distribution': compute_cluster_sizes(embeddings, best_k)
    }
```

#### 5.1.3 Semantic Distance from Query
```python
def compute_query_distance(query: str, ideas: List[str], embedding_model: str) -> dict:
    """
    Measure how far ideas are from the original query.
    Higher = more novel/distant.
    """
    query_emb = get_embedding(query, model=embedding_model)
    idea_embs = get_embeddings(ideas, model=embedding_model)

    distances = [1 - cosine_similarity(query_emb, e) for e in idea_embs]

    return {
        'mean_distance': np.mean(distances),
        'max_distance': np.max(distances),
        'min_distance': np.min(distances),
        'std_distance': np.std(distances)
    }
```

### 5.2 Patent Novelty Metrics

#### 5.2.1 Patent Overlap Rate
```python
def compute_patent_novelty(ideas: List[str], query: str) -> dict:
    """
    Search patents for each idea and compute overlap rate.
    Uses existing patent_search_service.
    """
    matches = 0
    match_details = []

    for idea in ideas:
        result = patent_search_service.search(idea)
        if result.has_match:
            matches += 1
            match_details.append({
                'idea': idea,
                'patent': result.best_match
            })

    return {
        'novelty_rate': 1 - (matches / len(ideas)),
        'match_count': matches,
        'total_ideas': len(ideas),
        'match_details': match_details
    }
```

### 5.3 Hallucination/Nonsense Metrics (RQ6)

Since our design intentionally excludes the original query during keyword generation, we need to measure the "cost" of this approach.

#### 5.3.1 LLM-as-Judge for Relevance
```python
def compute_relevance_score(query: str, ideas: List[str], judge_model: str) -> dict:
    """
    Use LLM to judge if each idea is relevant/applicable to the original query.
    """
    relevant_count = 0
    nonsense_count = 0
    results = []

    for idea in ideas:
        prompt = f"""
        Original query: {query}
        Generated idea: {idea}

        Is this idea relevant and applicable to the original query?
        Rate: 1 (nonsense/irrelevant), 2 (weak connection), 3 (relevant)

        Return JSON: {{"score": N, "reason": "brief explanation"}}
        """
        result = llm_judge(prompt, model=judge_model)
        results.append(result)
        if result['score'] == 1:
            nonsense_count += 1
        elif result['score'] >= 2:
            relevant_count += 1

    return {
        'relevance_rate': relevant_count / len(ideas),
        'nonsense_rate': nonsense_count / len(ideas),
        'details': results
    }
```

#### 5.3.2 Semantic Distance Threshold Analysis
```python
def analyze_distance_threshold(query: str, ideas: List[str], embedding_model: str) -> dict:
    """
    Analyze which ideas exceed a "too far" semantic distance threshold.
    Ideas beyond threshold may be creative OR nonsensical.
    """
    query_emb = get_embedding(query, model=embedding_model)
    idea_embs = get_embeddings(ideas, model=embedding_model)

    distances = [1 - cosine_similarity(query_emb, e) for e in idea_embs]

    # Define thresholds (to be calibrated)
    CREATIVE_THRESHOLD = 0.6  # Ideas this far are "creative"
    NONSENSE_THRESHOLD = 0.85  # Ideas this far may be "nonsense"

    return {
        'creative_zone': sum(1 for d in distances if CREATIVE_THRESHOLD <= d < NONSENSE_THRESHOLD),
        'potential_nonsense': sum(1 for d in distances if d >= NONSENSE_THRESHOLD),
        'safe_zone': sum(1 for d in distances if d < CREATIVE_THRESHOLD),
        'distance_distribution': distances
    }
```

### 5.4 Metrics Summary Table

| Metric | Formula | Interpretation |
|--------|---------|----------------|
| **Mean Pairwise Distance** | avg(1 - cos_sim(i, j)) for all pairs | Higher = more diverse |
| **Silhouette Score** | Cluster cohesion vs separation | Higher = clearer clusters |
| **Optimal Cluster Count** | argmax(silhouette) | More clusters = more themes |
| **Query Distance** | 1 - cos_sim(query, idea) | Higher = farther from original |
| **Patent Novelty Rate** | 1 - (matches / total) | Higher = more novel |

### 5.5 Nonsense/Hallucination Analysis (RQ6) - Three Methods

| Method | Metric | How it works | Pros/Cons |
|--------|--------|--------------|-----------|
| **Automatic** | Semantic Distance Threshold | Ideas with distance > 0.85 flagged as "potential nonsense" | Fast, cheap; May miss contextual nonsense |
| **LLM-as-Judge** | Relevance Score (1-3) | GPT-4 rates if idea is relevant to original query | Moderate cost; Good balance |
| **Human Evaluation** | Relevance Rating (1-7 Likert) | Humans rate coherence/relevance | Gold standard; Most expensive |

**Triangulation**: Compare all three methods to validate findings:
- If automatic + LLM + human agree → high confidence
- If they disagree → investigate why (interesting edge cases)

---

## 6. Human Evaluation Protocol

### 6.1 Participants

#### 6.1.1 Recruitment
- **Platform**: Prolific, MTurk, or domain experts
- **Sample Size**: 60 evaluators (20 per condition group)
- **Criteria**:
  - Native English speakers
  - Bachelor's degree or higher
  - Attention check pass rate > 80%

#### 6.1.2 Compensation
- $15/hour equivalent
- ~30 minutes per session
- Bonus for high-quality ratings

### 6.2 Rating Scales

#### 6.2.1 Novelty (7-point Likert)
```
How novel/surprising is this idea?
1 = Not at all novel (very common/obvious)
4 = Moderately novel
7 = Extremely novel (never seen before)
```

#### 6.2.2 Usefulness (7-point Likert)
```
How useful/practical is this idea?
1 = Not at all useful (impractical)
4 = Moderately useful
7 = Extremely useful (highly practical)
```

#### 6.2.3 Creativity (7-point Likert)
```
How creative is this idea overall?
1 = Not at all creative
4 = Moderately creative
7 = Extremely creative
```

#### 6.2.4 Relevance/Coherence (7-point Likert) - For RQ6
```
How relevant and coherent is this idea to the original query?
1 = Nonsense/completely irrelevant (no logical connection)
2 = Very weak connection (hard to see relevance)
3 = Weak connection (requires stretch to see relevance)
4 = Moderate connection (somewhat relevant)
5 = Good connection (clearly relevant)
6 = Strong connection (directly applicable)
7 = Perfect fit (highly relevant and coherent)
```

**Note**: This scale specifically measures the "cost" of context-free generation.
- Ideas with high novelty but low relevance (1-3) = potential hallucination
- Ideas with high novelty AND high relevance (5-7) = successful creative leap

### 6.3 Procedure

1. **Introduction** (5 min)
   - Study purpose (without revealing hypotheses)
   - Rating scale explanation
   - Practice with 3 example ideas

2. **Training** (5 min)
   - Rate 5 calibration ideas with feedback
   - Discuss edge cases

3. **Main Evaluation** (20 min)
   - Rate 30 ideas (randomized order)
   - 3 attention check items embedded
   - Break after 15 ideas

4. **Debriefing** (2 min)
   - Demographics
   - Open-ended feedback

### 6.4 Quality Control

| Check | Threshold | Action |
|-------|-----------|--------|
| Attention checks | < 2/3 correct | Exclude |
| Completion time | < 10 min | Flag for review |
| Variance in ratings | All same score | Exclude |
| Inter-rater reliability | Cronbach's α < 0.7 | Review ratings |

### 6.5 Analysis Plan

#### 6.5.1 Reliability
- Cronbach's alpha for each scale
- ICC (Intraclass Correlation) for inter-rater agreement

#### 6.5.2 Main Analysis
- Mixed-effects ANOVA: Condition × Query
- Post-hoc: Tukey HSD for pairwise comparisons
- Effect sizes: Cohen's d

#### 6.5.3 Correlation with Automatic Metrics
- Pearson correlation: Human ratings vs semantic diversity
- Regression: Predict human ratings from automatic metrics

---

## 7. Experimental Procedure

### 7.1 Phase 1: Idea Generation

```
For each query Q in QuerySet:
    For each condition C in Conditions:

        If C == "Direct":
            # No attributes, no experts
            ideas = direct_llm_generation(Q, n=20)

        Elif C == "Expert-Only":
            # No attributes, with experts
            experts = generate_experts(Q, n=4)
            ideas = expert_generation_whole_query(Q, experts, ideas_per_expert=5)

        Elif C == "Attribute-Only":
            # With attributes, no experts
            attributes = decompose_attributes(Q)
            ideas = direct_generation_per_attribute(Q, attributes, ideas_per_attr=5)

        Elif C == "Full-Pipeline":
            # With attributes, with experts
            attributes = decompose_attributes(Q)
            experts = generate_experts(Q, n=4)
            ideas = expert_transformation(Q, attributes, experts, ideas_per_combo=1-2)

        Elif C == "Random-Perspective":
            # Control: random words instead of experts
            perspectives = random.sample(RANDOM_WORDS, 4)
            ideas = perspective_generation(Q, perspectives, ideas_per=5)

        Store(Q, C, ideas)
```

### 7.2 Phase 2: Automatic Metrics

```
For each (Q, C, ideas) in Results:
    metrics = {
        'diversity': compute_mean_pairwise_distance(ideas),
        'clusters': compute_cluster_metrics(ideas),
        'query_distance': compute_query_distance(Q, ideas),
        'patent_novelty': compute_patent_novelty(ideas, Q)
    }
    Store(Q, C, metrics)
```

### 7.3 Phase 3: Human Evaluation

```
# Sample selection
selected_queries = random.sample(QuerySet, 10)
selected_conditions = ["Direct", "Multi-Expert-4", "Multi-Expert-8"]

# Create evaluation set
evaluation_items = []
For each Q in selected_queries:
    For each C in selected_conditions:
        ideas = Get(Q, C)
        For each idea in ideas:
            evaluation_items.append((Q, C, idea))

# Randomize and assign to evaluators
random.shuffle(evaluation_items)
assignments = assign_to_evaluators(evaluation_items, n_evaluators=60)

# Collect ratings
ratings = collect_human_ratings(assignments)
```

### 7.4 Phase 4: Analysis

```
# Automatic metrics analysis
Run ANOVA: diversity ~ condition + query + condition:query
Run post-hoc: Tukey HSD for condition pairs
Compute effect sizes

# Human ratings analysis
Check reliability: Cronbach's alpha, ICC
Run mixed-effects model: rating ~ condition + (1|evaluator) + (1|query)
Compute correlations: human vs automatic metrics

# Visualization
Plot: Diversity by condition (box plots)
Plot: t-SNE of idea embeddings colored by condition
Plot: Expert count vs diversity curve
```

---

## 8. Implementation Checklist

### 8.1 Code to Implement

- [ ] `experiments/generate_ideas.py` - Idea generation for all conditions
- [ ] `experiments/compute_metrics.py` - Automatic metric computation
- [ ] `experiments/export_for_evaluation.py` - Prepare human evaluation set
- [ ] `experiments/analyze_results.py` - Statistical analysis
- [ ] `experiments/visualize.py` - Generate figures

### 8.2 Data Files to Create

- [ ] `data/queries.json` - 30 queries with metadata
- [ ] `data/random_words.json` - Random perspective words
- [ ] `data/generated_ideas/` - Raw idea outputs
- [ ] `data/metrics/` - Computed metric results
- [ ] `data/human_ratings/` - Collected ratings

### 8.3 Analysis Outputs

- [ ] `results/diversity_by_condition.csv`
- [ ] `results/patent_novelty_by_condition.csv`
- [ ] `results/human_ratings_summary.csv`
- [ ] `results/statistical_tests.txt`
- [ ] `figures/` - All visualizations

---

## 9. Expected Results & Hypotheses

### 9.1 Primary Hypotheses (2×2 Factorial)

| Hypothesis | Prediction | Metric |
|------------|------------|--------|
| **H1: Main Effect of Attributes** | Attribute-Only > Direct | Semantic diversity |
| **H2: Main Effect of Experts** | Expert-Only > Direct | Semantic diversity |
| **H3: Interaction Effect** | Full Pipeline > (Attribute-Only + Expert-Only - Direct) | Semantic diversity |
| **H4: Novelty** | Full Pipeline > all other conditions | Patent novelty rate |
| **H5: Expert vs Random** | Expert-Only > Random-Perspective | Validates expert knowledge matters |
| **H6: Novelty-Usefulness Tradeoff** | Full Pipeline has higher nonsense rate than Direct, but acceptable (<20%) | Nonsense rate |

### 9.2 Expected Pattern

```
                    Without Experts    With Experts
                    ---------------    ------------
Without Attributes    Direct (low)      Expert-Only (medium)
With Attributes       Attr-Only (medium) Full Pipeline (high)
```

**Expected interaction**: The combination (Full Pipeline) should produce super-additive effects - the benefit of experts is amplified when combined with structured attributes.

### 9.3 Expected Effect Sizes

Based on related work:
- Main effect of attributes: d = 0.3-0.5 (small to medium)
- Main effect of experts: d = 0.4-0.6 (medium)
- Interaction effect: d = 0.2-0.4 (small)
- Patent novelty increase: 20-40% improvement
- Human creativity rating: d = 0.3-0.5 (small to medium)

### 9.3 Potential Confounds

| Confound | Mitigation |
|----------|-----------|
| Query difficulty | Crossed design (all queries × all conditions) |
| LLM variability | Multiple runs, fixed seed where possible |
| Evaluator bias | Randomized presentation, blinding |
| Order effects | Counterbalancing in human evaluation |

---

## 10. Timeline

| Week | Activity |
|------|----------|
| 1-2 | Implement idea generation scripts |
| 3 | Generate all ideas (5 conditions × 30 queries) |
| 4 | Compute automatic metrics |
| 5 | Design and pilot human evaluation |
| 6-7 | Run human evaluation (60 participants) |
| 8 | Analyze results |
| 9-10 | Write paper |
| 11 | Internal review |
| 12 | Submit |

---

## 11. Appendix: Direct Generation Prompt

For baseline condition C1 (Direct LLM generation):

```
You are a creative innovation consultant. Generate 20 unique and creative ideas
for improving or reimagining a [QUERY].

Requirements:
- Each idea should be distinct and novel
- Ideas should range from incremental improvements to radical innovations
- Consider different aspects: materials, functions, user experiences, contexts
- Provide a brief (15-30 word) description for each idea

Output format:
1. [Idea keyword]: [Description]
2. [Idea keyword]: [Description]
...
20. [Idea keyword]: [Description]
```

---

## 12. Appendix: Random Perspective Words

For condition C5 (Random-Perspective), sample from:

```json
[
  "ocean", "mountain", "forest", "desert", "cave",
  "microscope", "telescope", "kaleidoscope", "prism", "lens",
  "butterfly", "elephant", "octopus", "eagle", "ant",
  "sunrise", "thunderstorm", "rainbow", "fog", "aurora",
  "clockwork", "origami", "mosaic", "symphony", "ballet",
  "ancient", "futuristic", "organic", "crystalline", "liquid",
  "whisper", "explosion", "rhythm", "silence", "echo"
]
```

This tests whether ANY perspective shift helps, or if EXPERT perspectives specifically matter.